Definition Of Definitions Of Marketing - 1471 Words

ny definitions of marketing. Marketing can be summarised as a process by which a product or service is presented and promoted to potential customers. Customer value also has many definitions. The simplest form of customer value is defined as being what customers get from buying the product and the functional use of the product versus what they pay, resulting in an attitude toward, or an emotional connection with the product. There are four types of customer value which are functional/instrumental value, experiential/hedonic value, symbolic/expressive value, and cost/ expressive value. These values come from five different sources which are information, products, interactions, environment, and ownership/possession transfer. Fitbit is a company focuses in the health or sports industry and produces activity trackers which has a variety of functions that are useful for customers who are interested in keeping a healthy and fit lifestyle. Fitbit implements customer values into their marketing strategy to identify the best possible strategy to promote their new product Fitbit Alta. Introduction The purpose of the essay is to identify the importance of marketing, the concept of customer value, and the link between marketing and customer value. These concepts can be seen being used by the company Fitbit which has recently launched their new product Fitbit Alta. What is marketing? Kotler (1980) states that marketing is a human activity that is directed at satisfying humanShow MoreRelatedMarketing Definition1002 Words   |  5 PagesMarketing definition Every company depends on an efficient marketing program to fulfill customers needs. Marketing is a process of finding out what the customer wants and meeting those requirements. Within the company, the marketing group has to consider customer values and customer satisfaction before considering offering a product. Marketing is part of our everyday world, and can be perceived everywhere and every time. At any time, everyone has been exposed to different kinds of marketing orRead MoreDefinition Of Marketing : Marketing Essay9454 Words   |  38 PagesContents TASK 1 1 Task 2 5 Task 3 7 TASK 1 1.1 Definition of marketing: - marketing is defined as action of company any promotion and selling their product, service including research and advertising is called marketing. Company can buy and selling their product all that is marketing. (www.businessdictionary.co.nz, 2015) 4 p’s of marketing. 1. Product: - Customer can buy something that they want for full fill their need. Customer should satisfyRead MoreDefinition Of Marketing : Marketing Essay3900 Words   |  16 PagesQuestion: 1.1 a) Definition of Marketing: Marketing is defined as an action, promotion and selling product and service including research and advertising is called marketing. And it’s converting wants into needs; it’s communicating the value of a product, service or brand to customers for the purpose of promoting selling the product, service or brand. The main purpose of marketing is increasing the number of sales. (Wikipedia, 2015) 4Ps’: Product: In marketing area, what are the customer wantsRead MoreDefinition Of Marketing : Marketing Essay3135 Words   |  13 Pages Unit Standard – 7455 Name – Gurpreet Bhatia Student Id – ND14414 Email Id – gurpreetbhatia0009@yahoo.co.nz Task 1 1.1 Definition of Marketing – Marketing can be defined as the process of converting wants into needs. In other words it can be defined as the process of selling products or services to the customers by an organisation. 4 P’S of Marketing 1. Product – Product can be defined as the goods or services which is made to fulfil customer’s demands and needs. While making the product companyRead MoreDefinition Of Marketing : Marketing Essay3142 Words   |  13 PagesDefinition of marketing: Marketing is based on the thinking about the business in terms of the needs of customers and satisfaction. Marketing is different from selling because Selling concerns itself with the tricks and techniques of getting people to exchange their cash for your product. It is not concerned with the values that the exchange is all about. The main purpose of the marketing is to increase the sales of the products and getting more profit for the company. 4P’s of marketing: ProductRead MoreDefinition Of Marketing : Marketing Essay3148 Words   |  13 Pages Unit Standard – 7455 Name – Gurpreet Bhatia Student Id – ND14414 Email Id – gurpreetbhatia0009@yahoo.co.nz Task 1 1.1 Definition of Marketing – Marketing can be defined as the process of converting wants into needs. In other words it can be defined as the process of selling products or services to the customers by an organisation. 4 P’S of Marketing 1. Product – Product can be defined as the goods or services which is made to fulfil customer’s demands and needs. While making the productRead MoreDefinition Of Marketing : Marketing Essay4186 Words   |  17 PagesDefinition of marketing: Marketing is something which every organization does to place their product or service in the hands of potential customers. It includes diverse disciplines, public relations, pricing, packaging and distribution. 4 p’s of marketing: Products: The products play a vital role in marketing. They analyze the wants of the customers and offering them a product. They are also set the size of the product color of the product and other things. They are also considering about theRead MoreMarketing : Definition Of Marketing Essay2139 Words   |  9 Pages Name Gursimran deep Singh Student ID- ND15164 Define marketing Marketing is the activity, set of organisations, and processes for producing, communicating, delivering, and exchanging contributions that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large. And this is management process through which goods and services move from concept to the customers. The 4Ps are: Price: Its mentions to the value that is put for a productRead MoreMarketing Definition Essay962 Words   |  4 PagesMarketing definition Every company depends on an efficient marketing program to fulfill customers needs. Marketing is a process of finding out what the customer wants and meeting those requirements. Within the company, the marketing group has to consider customer values and customer satisfaction before considering offering a product. Marketing is part of our everyday world, and can be perceived everywhere and every time. At any time, everyone has been exposed to different kinds of marketing orRead MoreMarketing Definition and Importance1431 Words   |  6 PagesMarketing Definition and Importance Marketing Definition and Importance The world of marketing is very diverse and can be defined and applied in many different ways. One person might be asked to give a definition of marketing and give a totally different definition than another person. Marketing importance to an organization can be different from one to the other depending on product line and ways in which the organization markets the product. In today’s paper one will look at two different definitions

Business Website The Best Website Security - 1611 Words

Business website that has valuable data that needs to be protected you needs the best website security. The reason is that a management personal doesn’t want to hear words like â€Å"Company website is down†, â€Å"Company data is lost† all because a hacker corrupted the website. This nightmare happens all too often in this day and age because some companies don’t comprehend the threat that hackers represent. Having a website hacked can mean a loss of sales, especially when it’s with an online grocery store. The business world is increasingly dependent on technology to supply information and communications facilities to staff, partners, and customers. Securing organizational information and the systems that are used to manage and transmit data has become a high profile function for today’s management. Failure to secure information can have a severe impact on business credibility. Fears to an organization come in a variety of forms, for example from hacking, viruses, and simple human error. The types of threats change constantly, so management must sponsor, design, and implement business and technical processes to safeguard critical business assets. Creating a more secure business environment is a must for any organization. You need to protect the customer’s data, so basically this means you need to have locks everywhere and password’s that change. You want a system that has any unused ports locked down and every firewall turned to burn to a crisp. It’s impossi ble to protect againstShow MoreRelatedE Commerce : Is The Best Hosting Service You Would Recommend For An Ecommerce?1489 Words   |  6 Pages Which Is The Best Hosting Service You Would Recommend For An Ecommerce? Over years, the e-commerce segment of web hosting industry has grown by leaps and bounds. The growing number of businesses that have come to realize the high potential in selling products along with services online is the only reason. With the support of a consistent infrastructure, e-commerce hosting may easily enable you to showcase your catalog to the world in an effective manner hence boosting your bottom line in the wholeRead MoreWeb Design And Hosting The World Wide Web1735 Words   |  7 Pagesnecessary that having a website is mandatory for a business in order to reach the customers. Not just the knowledge of Hyper text Markup langauge but building a website right from hosting , selecting a best domain name and having a enough knowledge on Copy rights etc with combination of strategies to improve business in required. Domain Name Most important part of establishing an effective web presence is choosing a domain name; it serves to locate a website on the web. The best domain name is the oneRead MoreWebsite Security for E-Commerce Businesses Essay1658 Words   |  7 Pages1. Before starting any E-commerce business the owner have to make sure that his/hers website has all kind of security systems which provide absolute safety for customers and the owner himself. Nowadays, online robberies have become the most common. Every single day, hackers attack thousands of web sites in the hope of a good profit. among the most important elements of the protection should be as following: †¢ Security Hosting supposed to include Bandwidth (to maintain E-commerce traffic), a largeRead MoreMaintenance Checks And Tasks For A Small Wordpress Website766 Words   |  4 PagesKeeping your website updated and running like a well-oiled machine can be overwhelming and time consuming for many small business owners. In most cases, site owners don’t perform maintenance checks unless something breaks or goes seriously wrong. By regularly performing maintenance related tasks, you can keep your site performing at its best. In this article, we cover 8 WordPress easy essential beginner maintenance tasks that do not require technical knowledge of navigating your way around phpMyadminRead MoreWordpress Web Development Essay1102 Words   |  5 Pagesbe an excellent platform for creating websites for small business and even startups. As a highly recognized Content Management Service (CMS), WordPress is currently employed by more than 100 million users all over the world. May b usiness owners who have decided to take their businesses online are doing so on a WordPress platform. Today, over 400 million websites are being powered worldwide by WordPress. These statistics include more than 100 million websites that currently sit on the WordPress platformRead MoreCorporate Website On The Cloud Essay1394 Words   |  6 Pagescommittee last week, you raised two concerns – security and data confidentiality – about hosting our corporate’s website outside our datacenter – in particular, on the cloud. I’m writing to you to convince you that hosting the corporate’s website on the cloud is the best option for the following reasons: it reduces operating cost, frees our staff to do other tasks, and provides better security. This report gives an overview of the current status of our website, explores available hosting options, and showsRead MoreCase Study : A Local Golf Course And Shop 1494 Words   |  6 Pageswho runs a local golf course and shop, first contacted me because of an interest in having a website for his golf shop. Although he knew what he wanted in a website, he was unsure of how to best make it happen. Communication, product information, accepting orders, payments, shipping, and more were all a priority. E-commerce as well as scheduling tee times are both the overall goal. I decided that a website which creates custom designs dedicated to golf shops, CyberGolf, would be an excellent choiceRead MoreLegal Ethical and Regulatory Issues1479 Words   |  6 Pagesevolving business. This paper will identify and describes the legal, ethical, and regulatory issues that impact online banking the Websites. Business ethics examines ethical rules and principles within a commercial context involved in e-commerce are faced with the same if not more legal issues as any other business; these issues include, but are not limited to jurisdiction, contract, and legitimacy in the banking. Banks such as Wells Fargo, Wachovia, and Bank of America using Websites to conductRead MoreCase Analysis : Manager, And Operator Of A Local Golf Course And Pro Shop Essay1702 Words   |  7 Pagesgolf course and pro shop is looking to expand his customer base. Golf is a highly competitive industry; the current total of courses in the United States is 15,372. (GamesEnduranceCFL et al., 2016). Mr. Kirby feels that he can best expand his business through an e-commerce website. Mr. Kirby’s goal is to integrate the site into all aspects of the golf course and pro shop by selling merchandise and offering online scheduling of tee times. Approximately 71% of all shopper’s shop online looking to get aRead MoreA Report Advising Isherwood s Car Company1500 Words   |  6 Pagesprovide a report advising Isherwood’s car company and suggest any impact or a threat to their business. In this report I will be explaining a brief of future technology such as web and mobile that w ill change future businesses over the next five years. This report included information of future technology and the impact of businesses in the next five years. Future technologies and the impact on the business Future Technology In the future, advances technology will change everyday life and businesses

Lack of Interest in Sports free essay sample

It is mainly u to the attitude of the student itself. They insist that sports is a waste of time as every second counts. They rather spend their time studying indoor than playing sports under the hot sun. They will also give reason that they are lack of time for sports. They would rather skip co-curriculum activities just to attend their tuition. They dont understand the consequences Of not attending co-curriculum activities. Besides that, most parents emphasize more on their childs academic performance. They have a wrong concept in their minds.They think that academic is more important than sports. Therefore, they will send their children to various tuition classes instead of sports training such as badminton or swimming class. Parents are not informed about the importance of co-curriculum marks. Skipping co- curriculum activities or being a non-active member will reduce the students co-curriculum marks. Co-curriculum marks contributes when we want to apply for university or scholarship. We will write a custom essay sample on Lack of Interest in Sports or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Teachers which are lack of knowledge to train their students is also one of the reasons for lack of interest in students in sports.How do you expect the students to have interest in sports when the coacher-in-charge doesnt have the qualifications and experiences to do so? For example, when the curriculum activity is being held at school, the teacher adviser will not involve herself/himself in the activity. They will give reasons such as she/he need to stay aside and guide us or people at the age of theirs cannot afford to do physically demanding exercise. Furthermore, the facilities that are provided at school are not up to the standard and are not upgraded for several years. This makes sports a boring and dull activity. School has insufficient sports equipment and space for the students to have ports activities and this causes the students to have no interest in sports. Even if the school has many different types of sports equipment, they are either kept in a locked cupboard or not for the students to use it. What is the purpose of having them when they are not used to the optimum level? I would like to share a few suggestions. Moreover, schools should improve on their facilities and upgrade them every year. Only facilities which are up to the standard will attract the students attention towards sports.School facilities should be open to public as for all the school students to use them after schools. Qualified trainers with ample experiences should be employed to train the students. Once those talented students undergo some hard time training, they can actually represent the school for competitions in zone level, state level, national level and even international level. This will help to bring up the name of the school as well. During PACK lessons where outdoor activities will be done, teachers are advised to plan some interesting activities for the students.Activities which are related to sports will be effective to the students if it is fun. This prevents the students to sit in groups and chat during PACK lessons. Schools should stress on importance of sports besides academic. Students should perform well in both academics and co- curriculum. Teachers should have dialogues with parents to correct their way of thinking towards sports. Teachers can explain briefly to the parents about the benefits of sports. In my opinion, schools should held campaigns about the importance of sports to alert the students that sports is actually an intriguing activity.It is beneficial and it is not a waste of time. In a nut shell, ports is important to everyone. I believe all the intricacies and complication Math and Science problems are getting on every students nerves. Therefore, sports can help to free our minds from our daily loads of works besides maintaining good health. After reading this article, everyone should start to put in a little interest in sports as it will only benefit us and will not harm us. Parents should expose their children to a healthy lifestyle during their adolescence. As the saying goes, Prevention is always better than cure and An apple a day keeps the doctor away.

Modern Sex and How to Manage It by Hannah Witton Essay Example

Modern Sex and How to Manage It by Hannah Witton Paper Sex is an ass med universal experience; sexual desires being innate in human beings and the physicality o f sex being a constant. Although this notion may appeal to our common senses, it is naive t o believe that the Ancient Greeks experienced sex similarly to the Victorians. Cook argues, enjoy Yemen of sexual intercourse was Often a learned experience, not instinctive in human nature . 1 Indeed, it is those theorists who have revolutionized our understanding of sexuality who have done most to undermine the idea of human nature. This dissertation will explore the creation of sexual knowledge between 1870 ND 1914 in relation to the emergence and early development of sexology, the scientific study of sex. It will look at how, if at all, sexology shaped sexual experience: knowledge, attitude De, identity and behavior, while acknowledging that it is a challenging task to recover sexual behaviors from the past. A lot of emphasis is placed on sexology for its contribution to the SST dye of sex; however, it was a marginals field that did not receive large amounts of Tate notion until the interwar period. The ideas of the early sexologists were diffused into political, educational and scientific institutions and eventually into the popular sex manuals of the 1920 s which reached wider audiences. Many of their theories, the vocabulary and the categorization n systems remain the foundation even Of current studies about Between 1870 and 1914 the e frameworks in which sexuality should be understood were fought out by competing interest groups, and the grounds for the momentous sexual developments of the twentieth century w ere established. We will write a custom essay sample on Modern Sex and How to Manage It by Hannah Witton specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Modern Sex and How to Manage It by Hannah Witton specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Modern Sex and How to Manage It by Hannah Witton specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer It is Cook. H, The Long Sexual Revolution (New York, 2004), p. 1 71. 3 unhelpful to dismiss nineteenth century sex manuals as insignificant because although indirectly, they have had a lasting influence. As well as being able to give us a greater understanding of our own sexualities, the study of these sex manuals gives us an insight into contemporary social concerns such as population, hygiene, morality, birth co intro and family. The first step in assessing the extent to which sexology shaped people?s sexes elites is investigating the historiography on the subject and where this field stands Todd Early sexologists believed that their work was a fulfillment of their mission to e eliminate ignorance surrounding sex. In the preface to the first volume in Studies in the Psychology of Sex Haversack Ellis, the most prominent British sexologist, stated that a resolve Oslo WAY grew up within me: one main part of my lifework should be to make clear the problem s of sex . Sexologists believed that they were improving society and the first historians of sexology took this tale of progress at face value. These traditional histories entertain the not ion that sexology was a liberating force that gave the ignorant and sexually repressed people of England new knowledge about their bodies and desires. Edward Breeches argued in 1 969 the at no man alive or dead contributed more to Hanged than Haversack Ellis himself. 3 This b uilt on arguments from the asses, including those of Edward Glover who expressed the idea that the rise of objective science furthered the liberalizing of sexual attitudes. However, in the last for TTY years these conclusions have come under scrutiny from many scholars. They have been d smiled as acculturations tale* as Jeffrey Weeks insists, TTT is impossible to understand ND the impact of Ellis. H, Studies in the Psychology of Sex, Volvo. L: The Evolution of Modesty; The Phenol Ana of Sexual Periodicity: rd Authorities (Philadelphia, 1910, 3 Eden. , first 1899), p. Ii. Breeches. E, The Sex Researchers (Boston, 1 49. 4 Glover. E, Victorian Ideas of Sex in Ideas and Beliefs of the Victorians: A Historic Revaluation of the Victorian Age (London, 1949), up. 58364, p. 364. Sexology if we simply accept its own evaluation of its history. 5 These interpret taxation are limited because they only focus on intellectual developments in sexual knowledge an d do not examine the effects of geolo gical works on the people who read them. Surprisingly, BRB ocher notices this in saying that the impact of sex research was on attitudes, not behavior and there is little evidence for the latter-6 The sign efficient shift in the perception of sexology arrived with Michel Faculty s History of Sexuality (1976). Faculty rejected the repressive hypothesis which held that Victorian society was repressed: incapable of discussing or even thin king about the Nat ere of sex and sexual behavior because of a rigid commitment to a vision of respectability. Contrastingly, Faculty declares that there was a discursive explosion around the subject of sex. 7 By arguing that the Victorians did not live in a repressive society, Faculty claimed that the is society was not in need of liberating. Sexology was not an emancipating force; it was merely a new discourse, a new way of speaking about sex. Repression did not exist because there was a multiplicity of discourses within which sex could be spoken about demography, biology, p psychology, ethics, politics and entertainment among others-8 A discourse is a network of language GE, symbols and signs that produce a framework of knowledge; sexology was one system ammo Eng many that controlled sexual knowledge. Faculty pronounces that under the authority o f language Ex was taken charge of -sexology was not a form of liberation but an exercise of oppression. 9 It tied sexual knowledge into the power relations of the institutions established to promote and 5 Weeks. J, Sexuality and Its Discontents: Meanings, Myths and Modern Sexualities (London, 1985), p. 72. Breeches, Researchers , p. 319. 7 Faculty. M, The History of Sexuality: Volume One (Paris, 1976), p. 17. 8 Ibid. , p. 33. Ibid. , p. 20. 6 disseminate the new science. As in many other fields, Faculty undermined t rotational visions of progress. These knowledgeable theories and the linguistic construction of sexuality in flounced the writing Of many feminist scholars. Margaret Jackson and Sheila Jeffrey, in flounced by secondhand feminism and the social context of their time, believed sexology was a misogynistic tool of the patriarchy. 10 Many feminist campaigns at the end of the nineteenth h and beginning of the twentieth centuries fought against the double standard which assumed the at men had uncontrollable natural sexual urges that needed to be satisfied, yet prostitute s were blamed for the spread of venereal disease. Jackson emphasizes that the question of what was natural was central to this debate: The development of sexology undermined these attempts [of early feminists] y declaring that those aspects of male sexuality and heterosexuality which feminists viewed a s social and political were in fact natural , and by constructing a scientific model of sexuality on that basis. 1 1 According to feminist interpretation, women in Ellis Studies are portrayed as being sexually dependent on men. Despite the fact that Ellis declared himself to be an advocate for womens erotic rights, there is no place for female sexual autonomy in his m Del Of sexuality. 12 Through sexology, sexuality was removed from the political arena and put UN deer the protection f science, in precisely the era of European history when science was most as ascendant as the unchallengeable and objective authority in all things. 1 3 Although Jackson and Jeffrey present 10 Jackson. M, Facts of life or the eradication of womens oppression? In The Cultural Construction of Sexuality Capitan. P (deed. ) (London, 1987), up. 5281; Jeffrey. S, The Spinster and Her Enemies (London, 1985). 11 Jackson, Facts Of life, p. 55. 12 Ibid. 13 , p. 56. , p. 76. Very strong cases for their analysis of these sex manuals, they are governed by their own political agenda and run the danger of oversimplification. In fact, women played a sign efficient role in the development of sexology. A few groundbreaking sexologists were women and many male sexologists were in correspondence with women, using their experiences as e evidence. Although the sex manuals may not meet modern knowledge of sexuality, we must cons eider how people at the time understood and experienced them. They had many purposes, many readerships and many diverse effects: a responsible historical study must be careful not to PRI village any single vision Of their role. Parker and Agony note this complexity no matter how much we now incisive these doctrines as new forms of oppression and domination, the ref remorse and radicals of the times experienced them as liberating. 14 Since the asses many more studies have embarked on a project to relate disc ours to experience. Faculty is extremely useful for historians, although he has been criticized for underestimating the role of human agency. This has resulted in a reaction cap turned by the phrase the return to the body. Robert Nee expresses this key issue in saying that the e question is, are bodies and their pleasures independent of the ways that language characterize s them, or do we require linguistic and cultural representation to prompt and interpret bodily e experience? 15 Many historians are calling for a study Of sexuality that includes society and biology, discourse and experience, ideas and the materiality of the body. 6 14 Agony. J. H and Parker. R. G, Conceiving Sexuality in Conceiving Sexuality: Approaches to Sex Research inn Postmodern World , Parker. R. G and Agony. J. H (des. ) (London, 1995), up. 416, p. 5. 15 Nee. R, Introduction: On Why History Is So Important to an Understanding of Human Sexuality in Sexuality , Nee. R (deed. (Oxford, 1999), up. 315, p. 7. 16 Liqueur. T, Making Se x: Body and Gender from the Greeks to Freud (Cambridge, 1990); Porter. R and Hall. L, The Facts of Life: The Creation of Sexual Knowledge in Britain, 16501950 (London, 1995); Waters. C, Sexology in Palaver Advances in the Modern History of Sexuality , Socks. H. G and Holbrook. M (des. ) (New York, 2006), up. 41 63; Weeks. J, Making Sexual History (Cambridge, 2000). In order to understand the society in which these sex manuals emerged, the first chapter of this dissertation analyses the social, political and cultural context by looking at the professionalisms of science, the increasing realization of society own ignore once, and the attempts to remedy this in terms of sexology, eugenics, but also in a compete Eng vision of sexual understanding: the ears erotica . This epistemological competition eventually established a hierarchy in forms of sexual knowledge, with the vision of the sexologists case andante. The second chapter will consider the sex manuals themselves: their contents, the agenda of their authors and their reception by the press. It will develop the focus Of chapter one in explore Eng what kind of knowledge sexual knowledge was seen to be, whether scientific, practical, MO oral, aesthetic or spiritual. The last chapter will explore wider experiences of sexuality, relating these back to whether sexology played any part in constructing peoples sexual identities, at attitudes and behavior. It will also investigate the popularization of geological ideas in the e form of sex education and the dissemination of ideas from adults to children. This dessert action will therefore offer insight into the contemporary impact, significance and meaning of sex manuals, demonstrating how the process of creating sexual knowledge affected the pee pled who read them. Chapter One: Scientist Sexual Vs. Ears Erotica: Knowing Ignorance in the Late Nineteenth Century The end of the nineteenth century saw the emergence of sexology and the pr deduction of a great number of sex manuals. That sexology developed at this time is no coincidence e, but was in keeping with a range of social, cultural and political developments that combo Ned to facilitate this new field of analysis. The production of sex and manuals boomed in the interwar period; however, it is the decades before this with which I am concerned. Historians have tended to writ et about the 1 sass ND ass, ignoring the prior development of the genre. The 1 sass are a key De cede because Charles Darnings book, The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex (1 871), demonstrated the importance of reproduction to evolution, allowing sex to b come a subject of science. 17 Darnings writings about reproduction and sex influenced the ideas of later sexologists, including one of the most famous, Haversack Ellis. This chapter will tackle the importance Of this development asking why, in the cultural milieu of the asses, making sex science Tiffin was a precondition of its emergence as a suitable topic for discussion. This was the heyday of scientist, the assumption that the scientific method was the only real way of knowing. In order to understand this phenomenon we must turn our attention to the world of s science in general. Earlynineteenthcentury British science had a marginal status, eclipsed by the prestige Of the humanities; however, by the end of the century the sciences had become one of the most authoritative voices in the arena of knowledge.

How to Get Scholarships to Study Abroad

How to Get Scholarships to Study Abroad Finding money to fund your study abroad program is easier than you might think. From program-specific scholarships to the availability of federal funding, heres what you should know about earning study abroad scholarships. Quick Tip Meet with the experts at your university’s study abroad office to learn more about the best scholarship options for your program, and submit your applications as early as possible to maximize your funding. Finding Study Abroad Funding The first place to go after you’ve decided to study abroad is your university’s study abroad office, sometimes called an international learning office. There, youll meet experts who can answer any questions you might have about funding and help you understand the costs of your program. They’ll also be able to direct you toward the funding opportunities that best suit your situation and provide support during the application process. Study abroad funding options change every year. In order to get the most up-to-date information, utilize one of these regularly updated databases that list grants and scholarships to fund your study abroad experience. (Note that some organizations also provide low-interest student loans specifically for study abroad participants.) AIFSFastWebThe College BoardIIE Passport   Diversity Abroad   Ã‚  Scholarships.com  SmartScholar Applying Federal Aid to Study Abroad  Programs If you receive federal aid to pay your regular tuition, those funds can often be applied to your study abroad program, with a couple of conditions. First, you need to be enrolled at least half-time at your host university. Second, the program must advance you toward your degree. Other conditions might also apply, so its essential to communicate with both your home university and your host university throughout the process. If the cost of tuition at your host university exceeds that of your home university, you might be able to secure a temporary increase in your Pell Grant, as long as you meet eligibility requirements. Program-specific Study Abroad Scholarships Programs like USAC, CIEE, Semester at Sea, and National Student Exchange make study abroad as affordable as possible, and in some cases even help students obtain passports.   USAC, CIEE, and AIFS The University Studies Abroad Consortium (USAC), the Council on International Education Exchange (CIEE), and the American Institute for Foreign Study (AIFS) are three of many study abroad facilitators with programs in six continents and hundreds of cities. These program facilitators operate within massive collegiate networks, allowing them to keep costs as low as possible to help students afford to study abroad. In addition to low tuition costs, program facilitators maintain strong ties within the local communities. These connections allow the facilitators to place students with host families for better language acquisition and lower out of pocket housing costs. The facilitators also offer private scholarships and financial guidance for participating students. Semester at Sea Semester at Sea is a program that uses a ship as its home base and travels to at least ten countries across three or four continents, depending on the route. A semester-long voyage comes with a hefty price tag, but the organization provides scholarship opportunities and external funding assistance to prospective students. In addition to a private scholarship portal, Semester at Sea also offers a Pell Grant match. National Student Exchange National Student Exchange is a network of colleges and universities based in the United States, Canada, Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and Guam that facilitates accessible opportunities for college students to study away from their home university. Student participants in the NSE program enroll at another participating university for a semester or a full academic year, depending on availability and individual preference.  The program recommends choosing an exchange institution that will complement your studies at your home university, helping you reach academic and career goals. NSE is an affordable option for many students that don’t have the funds or the time to study abroad. Though your institution does need to be a member of NSE in order for you to participate, the network of member institutions is large. Because the schools work together to facilitate these exchanges, you will have the option to pay either in-state tuition at your host university or your regular tuition at your home university. Any scholarships or federal aid you receive annually is eligible to be used to pay for your NSE tuition.   Federal, Non-profit, and Corporate Study Abroad Scholarships There are a handful of government-sponsored study abroad scholarships available to undergraduates, particularly those looking to develop language and diplomatic skills in areas of interest to the United States. Sponsored by the National Security Education Program, Boren Scholarships provide up to $20,000 for students to study in countries critical to the U.S. national interest. Students who receive a Boren Scholarship are required to complete at least one year of federal government employment after graduation. The Benjamin A. Gilman International Scholarship provides need-based funding for students to study or intern abroad. To be eligible, students must be enrolled in a two-year or four-year accredited university, and they must be receiving a Pell Grant at the time of application or prove that they will receive a Pell Grant during the course of the study abroad program. If your community has a Rotary club, the Rotary Foundation provides scholarships up to the equivalent of four years of study to high school, undergraduate, graduate students. Since these scholarships are dependent on your local Rotary club, scholarship amounts and eligibility requirements will vary. Contact your local Rotary club for information on the scholarships they offer.   Other nonprofit organization and corporations, including the Fund for Education Abroad, Scott’s Cheap Flights, American Legion (in cooperation with Samsung), and Unigo provide annual scholarship opportunities.

Conservative Perspectives on Gun Control

Conservative Perspectives on Gun Control The second amendment to the U.S. Constitution is perhaps the most important amendment in the Bill of Rights, if not the entire document. The second amendment is all that stands in the way between American citizens and total chaos. Without the second amendment, nothing would prevent a duly elected president (who is also the nations commander-in-chief) from declaring martial law and using the nations military forces to systematically usurp and dismantle the remaining civil rights of its citizens. The second amendment is Americas greatest defense against the forces of totalitarianism. Interpretation of the Second Amendment The simple wording of the second amendment has been widely interpreted, and gun-control advocates have sought to obfuscate the language in order to further their agenda. Perhaps the most controversial aspect of the amendment, upon which gun-control advocates have rested much of their arguments is the part that reads a well-regulated militia. Those who seek to erode the amendment, claim that the right to bear arms is extended solely to militias, and since both the number of militias and the effectiveness of them have diminished since the 1700s, the amendment is now moot. Local and state government bodies have frequently sought to strip the amendment of its power by imposing draconian regulations and requirements. For 32 years, gun owners in Washington D.C. were not legally permitted to own a handgun or carry one within the districts territory. In June 2008, however, the Supreme Court ruled 5-4 that the districts law was unconstitutional. Writing for the majority, Justice Antonin Scalia observed that regardless of whether violent crime is a problem, the enshrinement of constitutional rights necessarily takes certain policy choices off the table ... Whatever the reason, handguns are the most popular weapon chosen by Americans for self-defense in the home, and a complete prohibition of their use is invalid. Perspectives of Gun Control Advocates While handguns were the issue in Washington, D.C., gun control advocates elsewhere have decried the access to and usage of fully-automatic weapons and other high-powered firearms by the general public. Theyve sought to limit or even prohibit ownership of these so-called assault weapons in a misguided attempt to protect the public. In 1989, California became the first state to pass an outright ban on fully-automatic rifles, machine guns and other firearms considered to be assault weapons. Since then, Connecticut, Hawaii, Maryland, and New Jersey have passed similar laws. One reason gun control opponents are so adamant about keeping these firearms on the open market is because the access to weapons by the American military has far outpaced the access to weapons by the American public in both number and power. If a nation is unable to defend itself against the forces of tyranny within its government because the right to bear arms is so badly eroded, it undermines the spirit and intention of the second amendment. Liberals also advocate legislation restricting the types of ammunition available for firearms, as well as the types of people who can own them. Ex-cons or people with prior mental illnesses, for example, are prohibited from owning or carrying guns in certain states, and the Brady Bill, which became law in 1994, mandates prospective gun owners undergo a five-day waiting period so local law enforcement authorities can conduct background checks. Every regulation, restriction or law that infringes upon Americans right to keep and bear arms, prevents America from being a country that is truly free.

Tesco Management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Tesco Management - Case Study Example The company is a new entrant in the American market and has only about 53 stores all of them located in USA. Any organization irrespective of size or motive (profit or not-for-profit), whether it is publicly owned or not will be affected by many factors and influences. These might be external and internal. This paper is divided into two parts and the first one will analyse the external and internal influences on TESCO. The second part of the paper will discuss the topic of globalization with reference to the above mentioned company. In the process it will take the following three issues into consideration. It will analyse how globalisation influences policies and decision making in TESCO. It will then critically evaluate the effectiveness of the organisation's response to those issues and finally provide some areas for improvement in the response of the organisation. The paper will begin with a short history and development of the company. As with most organisations TESCO started off as a single grocery stall in 1919. The shop was started by Jack Cohen who named the shop TESCO in 1924. The inspiration behind the name was a tea supplier called T E Stockwell. Cohen used the T E and S, the first three letters of the name and CO to form the word. The company began to grow rapidly and soon had a headquarters in North London in the year 1932 and also became a private limited company in the same year. The company went public in the year 1947. Expansion continued mainly though acquisitions of other stores. The company also began building superstores and also entered the retail petrol sale in UK. The current name of TESCO Plc was taken in 1983. The company's first overseas expansion was in 1995 to Hungary. The Company entered the Asian market two years later. Its internet portal and shopping facility TESCO.com is launched in 2000. TESCO entered the highly competitive market in the year 2007 only. Internal influences: The internal factors are those which can be controlled to a large extent by the company management and staff. Internal influences include, the management strategy, the human resources of the company, the marketing strategy, the level of technology, the organisational culture etc. Management strategy: The overall strategy formulated and practiced by the management will have a great influence on the company. If the policies are not properly taken, it will have a negative influence and correct ones will have a positive influence. It is also said that implementation of the strategy is more important than the strategy itself. "A study of 275 portfolio managers reported that the ability to execute strategy was more important than the quality of the strategy itself." (Kaplan and Norton 2001, p.1). The management strategy of TESCO can be easily understood and reviewed from what the company calls its steering wheel. The basic vision of the company with regard to customer service is the words 'every little helps' that appears in most of the company's pages. Their strategy is classified into five sections namely customer, community, operations, people and finance. Customer strategy includes great service by the staff, eliminating the need for queuing, providing a wide variety of goods that customers can get his needs under one roof, offer the lowest possible prices and obtain lifelong customer

Philosophy Questions (Machiavellis Statement ) Essay

Philosophy Questions (Machiavellis Statement ) - Essay Example It is also especially true for the government that is designed to develop and implement mechanisms that safeguard the interests of the people. The various mechanisms of governance, empirical compulsions etc are important paradigms that must be accompanied by creating awareness among people about pros and con of the issues. The knowledge therefore becomes a critical element of positive influence so that it can be amicably accepted by the society at large. People of US also agree with the view because various policies vis-a-vis drug addiction, immigration policies etc promote prohibitions which results in clandestine activities that defy the tenets of government regulations. The wider implications of prohibitions are widespread and are prone to create a desire for covert activities. The notion of hording of weapons as a deterrent measure is also not right because it Hiroshima is a prime example of misuse of weapons that has resulted in unimaginable catastrophe. The use or misuse depend s on the leadership and therefore sends a strong message of insecurity amongst the people. The recent Iraq war gives credence to these statements. It also forces the people to redefine the process of building a better civil society where inter-dependency across nation is used a tool to create equity. (words: 266)

The Rise of the KKK Essay Example for Free

The Rise of the KKK Essay As a result of the Red Scare and also anti-immigrant feelings, groups bigots used anti-communism as their excuse to harass any group that wasn’t the same as their group. One of these groups was known as the Ku Klux Klan, or the KKK. The Ku Klux Klan was a secret organization that used terrorist tactics in an attempt to restore white supremacy in Southern states after the Civil war. This group was devoted to â€Å"One hundred percent Americanism† and by 1924, the KKK membership had reached 4. 5 million white male citizens. The Ku Klux Klan also believe in keeping black people â€Å"in their place† by destroying saloons, opposing unions, and driving Roman Catholics, Jews, and foreign-born people out of the country. One scared African American told me in an interview that members of the Klan had even been harassing their three year old daughters. Members of the KKK were paid to recruit new members into their group of secret rituals and racial violence. Even though the Ku Klux Klan dominated state politics in many states, by the end of the decade it’s criminal activity led to a decrease in power. In the 1920s, the Klan moved in many states to dominate local and state politics. The Klan devised a strategy called the decade, in which every member of the Klan was responsible for recruiting ten people to vote for Klan candidates in elections. In 1924 the Klan succeeded in engineering the elections of officials from coast to coast, including the mayors of Portland, Maine, and Portland, Oregon. In some states, such as Colorado and Indiana, they placed enough Klansmen in positions of power to effectively control the state government. Known as the Invisible Empire, the KKKs presence was felt across the country. But when the Klan came to recruit in the town of Greenville, Mississippi, LeRoy Percy moved to keep the Klan out of his town. His passionate speech at the Klans recruitment session convinced townspeople to support a resolution to condemn the Klan.

Tom Clancys Op Center :: essays research papers

Tom Clancy’s Op-Center Divide and Conquer The nation is about to be in another Middle East war, but they don’t know it yet, even the president doesn’t know it. Will Paul Hood inform the president with the correct information in time? Will war break out in Azerbaijan? In this political thriller you really don’t know what is going on right up until the end.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Paul Hood is the main character; he is the head of Op-Center, the United States division that deals with information sharing with Allis countries to stop terrorism. He is going through a divorce, and his daughter was just held hostage in an U.S. embassy (I think this happened in the book before the one I read). He had resigned from Op-Center because of all the things happening in his life, but he went back because he couldn’t live without it. Paul Hood would be classified as a workaholic.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Chief of Staff (Red Gable), the Vice President (Charles Cotten) and Secretary of the State (Jack Fenewick), are all in on the conspiracy to start a war in order to secure the U.S. oil supply for the next millennium. The conspiracy will also put Charles Cotten into the presidency, with Michael Lawerence (current president) being forced out of office.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The conspiracy that the â€Å"Eye’s Only Group† (Gable, Cotten and Fenewick) has planned is that of terrorism and treason. The plan is the terrorist known as the Harpooner will blow up an oilrig in Azerbaijan, making them think that the Iranians it. The Iranians will claim they didn’t, but everybody will think they are lying, because the dead bodies found will be that of Iranians, and they will be wearing the uniform of the elite Iranian military force. Tensions will grow, war will break out. The whole time the president will be fed mis-information that he will talk internationally with this mis-information, then have to eat his words, when everybody says â€Å"What!? We didn’t know that†. The public will think the president has lost his sanity, and he will be forced to resign.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Paul Hood has to dig deep to find the connection between the â€Å"Eye’s Only Group† and Azerbaijan, and get the information to the president before he decides to go to war.

Cultural Research Paper

Final Cultural Research Paper Throughout this course, we have learned that the primary mode of subsistence (how a culture makes a living) impacts many other aspects of cultural behavior and has been an effective way to organize thoughts and studies about culture. In order to demonstrate your understanding of subsistence modes and its impact on a culture and why a culture acts as it does, your Research Paper will require you to: 1. Select a specific culture from the following list: a. Basseri of Iran . The Batek of Malaysia c. Enga d. The Amish e. Huaorani of Ecuador f. Bedouin g. Zulu h. Kurds i. Maori j. Mbuti k. Nayar of India l. Semai m. Navajo n. Tikopia of Melanesia 2. Research this culture using the Ashford University Online Library. Please identify and use a minimum of three scholarly articles from the library in addition to the text your research. Keep in mind that most anthropological research, whether article length or book length, is either an ethnography or an ethnology.Y ou may use any combination of ethnographies or ethnologies in your paper. 3. Write a seven to eight page long research paper that does the following: a. Identifies and classifies the selected culture’s primary mode of subsistence. ( Foragers, Horticulturalists, Pastoralists, Emerging Agriculturalists, Agrarian States, or Industrialists) b. Analyzes and evaluates the impact that the primary mode of subsistence of the selected culture has on at least three of the following aspects of culture: ?Beliefs and values ?Economic organization ?Gender relations ?Kinship ?Political organization ?Sickness and healing ?Social change ?Social organization The Research Paper must be formatted according to APA style and include a title and a reference page (which does not count towards the page length). For information regarding APA samples and tutorials, visit the Ashford Writing Center, within the Learning Resources tab on the left navigation toolbar.In Week Three, you are required to submit an introductory paragraph, thesis statement, an outline, and your properly formatted reference page with the required sources identified. At that point, you should have chosen your culture and identified its primary mode of subsistence. Writing the Research Paper The Research Paper: 1. Must be seven to eight double-spaced pages in length, and formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center. 2. Must include a title page with the following:

Bahrain Bay Qs &as

Q1: What are Bahrain Bay’s four foundational philosophies and how might they be used as marketing tools? A1: Bahrain Bay’s four foundational philosophies are: Scale and Aesthetics, Social Equity, Community Fabric and Tomorrow’s Environment, these foundations help realizing the high standards the venture is aiming for by creating this whole new totally customized environment, which adds a unique value to the project and opens a entire new market and fulfill more customers through diversification. Q2: What would you see as being Bahrain Bay’s mission?A2: â€Å"Building Customer Relations for the Future. † The way I see it, this mission statement best describes the ventures. Because through out the development of the project we can see that it’s becoming bigger and bigger with every â€Å"new customer† or best described as a new member of this business environment. Q3: What is the MIPIM, and why was it important for Bahrain Bay to target its potential customers, investors, developers and retailers? A3: MIPIM is a trade show that its organizers describe as a â€Å"market for international property trade†. It takes place annually in  Cannes,  France.It was really important for the venture to make some sort of appearance there to get the attention of nearly 26,000 property and investment professionals from around the world, which included investors that were looking to contribute in such project. Q4: Why might the Kingdom of Bahrain be an attractive location for overseas investors? A4: Simply because of its stable rather booming economic status as a major financial and commercial center, as well as many rising projects like Bahrain Investment Wharf, Bahrain Financial Harbour, Bahrain City Center and many othersQ5: What are Bahrain’s closest competitors for inward foreign investment? A5: I think of Qatar, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and of course U. A. E. majorly Dubai Q6: What part of the marketing mix is re lated to the football sponsorship, and what functions does it perform? A6: sponsoring a football team is purely promotion. It basically spread the message to a wider audience and gives it a touch of originality by relating to something that’s already a part of the national community.

Suicide - Signs and Preventions essays

Suicide - Signs and Preventions essays One of the top causes of death in the United States today is suicide. The number of people who commit suicide each year is rapidly increasing, especially among teenagers. To help prevent this number from growing, it is important for us to know some of the warning signs of suicide, some myths and actual facts, and what you can do to help others and yourself from committing suicide. Many people who commit suicide often send out a lot of warning signals that are usually left undetected until it is too late. That is why it is extremely important to know what some of these signals are when preventing a person from committing suicide. Many people who may commit suicide start off with the signs of depression, such as feeling lonely, and like no one understands them or even cares about them. A person may even feel like they are not worth anything. Another sign could be if the person start to eat a lot more than normal, and gains a lot of weight, or vice versa, where they stop eating and lose a noticeable amount of weight. Also, suicidal persons may have problems sleeping, and may sleep either too much, or not enough. One major sign that a person could be planning to attempt suicide is a sudden change in personality, a normally social person all of a sudden becomes anti-social, or a normally shy person becomes extremely social. This could also include them losing interest in things that they normally used to enjoy doing, or suddenly become extremely active. Also, even though a person that was recently seriously depressed may look happy, they may not be, but are instead happy because they have decided to kill himself. If someone has just gone through a major life change, where they suffered a lot, such as death of someone close to them, or a divorce, they are more likely to kill himself. Many teenagers, who are planning suicide often do life-risking things casually. They may even talk about suicide and death a lot. One of the reasons that we...

Speaking Engagements Your First Gig as an Author

Speaking Engagements Your First Gig as an Author Speaking Engagements: Your First Gig as an Author Once you’ve done the hard work of writing and publishing your book, it’s time to consider getting some speaking engagements so you can spread the word about your book’s messageand make even more cash from it.As an author, it’s highly possible you’ve convinced yourself that speaking in front of an audience simply isn’t for you- after all, you’re a writer, not a speaker†¦right?That’s not exactly true.While the walls of publishing are coming down, and there’s never been a better time to become a published author.but this means there’s an awful lot of competition out there.Were here to cover this information all about speaking engagements:What are speaking engagements?How do you get paid for speaking engagements?How to book yourself as a speaker10 ways to land your first speaking engagementsThe authors who are willing to put themselves out there- whether in the form of speaking gigs, media, or other in-person appe arances- have the best chance of standing out from the crowd and grabbing the attention of book buyers.NOTE: One of the best ways to land speaking gigs is to place yourself as an authority through writing a book. We teach just that and so much more in our VIP Self-Publishing Program. Learn more about it hereWhat area speaking engagements?Speaking engagements are when you speak in front of a group of people on a specific topic youre knowledgable about.Most people think of Ted Talks when they hear the term speaking engagement.However, not all speaking gigs have to be at the Ted Talk level in order to be considered a speaking engagement. Any scheduled speech you give (even unpaid) in front of a group of people is considered a speaking gig.How do you get paid to be a speaker?Not everyone can get paid to be a speaker upfront. If you want to be a paid speaker, you have to first hone the craft of speaking and then gain experience in the field.Some may get lucky enough to be booked as a pai d speaker upfront but usually, it can take time, experience, and a resume of speaking engagements in order to take home money for it.An easy way to expedite the process of becoming a paid speaker is to increase your authority by writing a book. Becoming a bestseller by self-publishing a book(something we here at Self-Publishing School teach) is even better. Its a surefire sign that you know what youre talking about and have credibility behind you.How do you book yourself as a speaker?Before you can reach the days of paying someone else to book your speaking gigs, you have to put in the work for yourself first.This means doing research and performing a lot of outreach in order to connect with those responsible for booking speakers at different events.Keep in mind that you may have to start small (and well touch on this below) before you can expect to book yourself at larger, paid speaking engagements.How to Land Your First Speaking Engagements as an AuthorWe’re not saying it c an’t be nerve-wracking to stand up in front of a crowd. That’s why we recommend starting small, saying â€Å"yes† to multiple opportunities, and getting lots of practice.This isn’t a one-and-done proposition if you truly want speaking to become an effective piece of your â€Å"professional author† repertoire.So, how exactly should you land that first speaking engagement? Read on for our ten tips, and you’ll soon be writing your notecards for your debut talk.#1 Start LocalConferences are a natural place for speakers of all levels to take the stage. However, don’t feel as though you have to limit yourself to formal settings to find speaking engagements.Any group where your desired audience gathers can provide a chance for you to speak.You could speak to students, to religious organizations, women’s groups, at your library, local business associations†¦the list is endless! Look around your own community and make a mental lis t of all the places where you might ask to speak.#2 Speak to Your NicheIf your book is geared toward a specific niche, explore related groups. For example, if your book is a memoir about overcoming an obstacle- such as domestic violence or cancer or another illness- you could speak to a support group.If your book is about productivity, then seek out entrepreneur groups or the chamber of commerce.If you’re a nurse, and you’ve written a book about health care, then hospitals are a natural place for you to speak. If your story relates to a specific sport, then hit up the closest sport teams.No audience or venue is too small or informal for your first â€Å"official† speech.#3 Find a Natural ConnectionWhile we do recommend starting small and local, look even closer: make sure the group you choose will actually be well-served by hearing your message.Look, there’s nothing worse than standing in front of a crowd that’s bored, or worse- hostile- because you’re wasting their time. There’s an easy way to warm up any crowd, and that’s to have something in common with them. You want your first speaking engagementto be closely related to your book and your book’s message.If your book is all about the stressful life of a lawyer, then you’re not going to want to speak to a group of airline pilots.For your first speaking gig, your goal is to find an audience that will benefit from your book’s message. Ideally, you want to find an audience you naturally connect with, because that connection will make you more relaxed and authentic, which will result in a better speech.#4 Build ExcitementIf you’re not quite ready to beat the bushes in order to grab your first speaking engagementimmediately, then consider building up some excitement first.We authors share a common goal: to get our target readers excited about our book’s message!How do you do that? The good news is the Internet makes bui lding a virtual audience fairly easy these days with consistent effort. You can establish a following of readers through your website, through online forums, via social media, and by writing blog posts, both your own and by writing guest posts for others.Use all of these types of content to build your audience with the goals of increasing book sales and finding your first speaking gig.#5 Hone Your SkillsThink of informal ways to practice your speaking abilities with the goal of scoring a â€Å"real† gig.You can produce videos on your book’s subject, join podcasts, and seek out online interviews to share your voice with the world, gain exposure, and get comfortable with your talking points.By showcasing your speaking talents, you open the door to an invitation to speak in a more structured setting- that even pays more. Plus, you get great practice speaking about your book’s message before you have to stand on a stage in person.#6 Attend a Writer’s Worksh opA great way to get the inside scoop is to meet other authors and pick their brains about their speaking process.How did they find speaking engagements? What are their best speaking tips? What fees do they charge? Meeting other writers gives you a broader network to use as resources on all topics that impact authors- not just the nitty-gritty of drafting books.#7 Speak at an Industry EventThese fact-based speaking engagements areperfect for non-fiction authors. Whether your industry is blogging, healthcare, law, plumbing, or real estate, it’s likely you can find a conference about it.The exact nature of the industry doesn’t have to mirror the topic of your book. Instead, you can focus your talk on skills that can help people in that industry.For example, if your book is about productivity, you can create a talk that’s focused on how your audience can adapt the productivity lessons found in your book to suit their particular industry.#8 Aim Low (at First)The f irst of your speaking engagements probably won’t be a Ted Talk, and that’s okay!The first time, in fact, you may have to volunteer your time to speak at a pretty tiny event. But as the saying goes, you have to walk before you can run. Just keep taking steps toward bigger and better events. With each new speaking gig, your resume will grow- along with your confidence!#9 Practice Makes PerfectWrite a speech today, and read it to yourself daily- before you even have speaking engagements lined up. You want to be able to handle a speaking engagement that’s the very next day if someone called you out of the blue.Once you’ve taken the time to put together your speech about your book, you’ll notice ways to refine it and improve on it day after day when you practice like youre speaking in public.What way when the times comes, you’ll be ready to shine.#10 Say YES!When you’re offered your first speaking engagements- take it!Even if it gives yo u butterflies or if it’s not the â€Å"perfect† fit for your brand, you need to be open to invitations when you’re just starting out. You’ll gain valuable experience, polish your skills, and get your book’s message out there to the public.All good things!Get started now on finding your first speaking gig. No matter the size of your audience, you’ll gain exposure for your message, while achieving the unparalleled life experience of speaking about your passion.Get Started TODAYLike what you read and want to learn more? We’re holding a FREE online workshop where Chandler is revealing the exact tactics and strategies he used to write and publish 6 bestselling books in a row†¦ and use them to build a 7-figure business in less than 2 years.Click here to save your spot now!

Consider a product from your Marketplace firm Essay

Consider a product from your Marketplace firm - Essay Example nternational market, the company has realized that most of its potential customers prefer its products to those of its competitors as a result of the increased features and confidence in the product. Additionally, the pricing strategy of the company’s products has been seen to wage a stiff war against its bitter rivals (Pride and Ferrell 490). After a close scrutiny by the sales agents, the company ascertains that the biggest numbers of its customers are attracted to its products as a result of their reliable nature and quality of output. The limited complains got from the customers’ side and their praise of the products gives the senior management of the company confidence that they are in a position of offering their customers with the value for their money. Although the company’s products have been found to receive varying demand, the company has a strong market share in comparison to its rival companies. Therefore, the management is deliberating on the best w ay of pushing the product to make it perform better against others in the market, owing to the huge market share â€Å"OnTech† enjoys. Therefore, they feel compelled to conclude that they give customers the value for their money. Contemplating on offering promotional prices and discounts, the company seeks to capture more customers through these methods. Additionally, aggressive advertising by the company on the features and advantages of the products is another way â€Å"TifeTech† will close the gap between it and the best performing

Business Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 2

Business Ethics - Essay Example Thus, it is expected that the modern business will work for achieving growth and success for both the individual company and their communities (Business Ethics). The social and environmental thinking of business not only encompass a legal duty but also the long-term success of the business. Argument Businesses are operated within the society using the resources from and depending on the society for the proper functioning of the business operations. Therefore attending to the welfare of the society is an obligation or a responsibility on the part of the business organizations. Thus, the social responsibility of business forbids businesspersons in adopting unfair policies that may maximize the profit of the business but harm the interest of the society. Welfare activities on the part of the business organization gain benevolence and reputation. Business carrying out their duties properly can avoid government regulations. The employees are more satisfied if a good working environment is provided with some additional facilities. This in turn increases their productivity and hence facilitates the business. Last but not the least, providing quality products to the consumers at competitive prices is also necessary in the days of increasing consumer awareness about their rights. The integral development of human being is related with the obligations that may arise because of the relationship of man with the environment. Business or the material environment has been taking its toll on the environment and questioning the sustainability of future generations with the increasing pollution, new illnesses and its destructive capacity. If these are not immediately controlled then it may create immense problem for the entire human class. The problems of the ecological and environmental crisis cannot be looked upon distinctly from the notions of development. The obligations of the business towards the environment include consideration of the environment in the decision-making p rocesses and thereafter supervise the activities. There are obligations including monitoring of proper discharge of water. Proper insurance should be done against environmental damage. The environmental taxes and the charges should be paid properly. The land that is being used for the construction purpose should follow proper planning norms and the environmental legislation unit of the country should approve the product. According to the definition of sustainable development, a development is said to be sustainable if the present generation can provide the future generations with at least the same benefits that it inherited from the past generation if not more. However, if the environmental degradation continues then the future generation will not be left also with their basic requirements for a proper living. Since the natural resources are scarce, the use of those resources by the business organizations in their production should be limited and handed in a proper manner to reduce misutilization. Negligence or refusal on the part of a few people in handling the stewardship of the environment in a responsible manner may invite the larger population to experience ‘increased hardship’. The creation of the God is for all human beings and generations and hence needed to be shared equally by the humanity as a whole. The supplies of certain natural resources

Global Data Synchronisation for supply chain Case Study

Global Data Synchronisation for supply chain - Case Study Example This technology is significant in hastening a speedy transfer of information from the manufacturer to the retailer. In addition, this technology is important in terms of improving accuracy and security of data (Gopal & McMillan 2005, p.58). This technology is enhanced by the existence of a global network termed as the Global Data Synchronisation Network which is under the management of GS1. This organisation (GS1) is responsible globally in matters dealing with the design and implementing the global standards and solutions necessary to enhance the efficiency and also visibility with regard to supply and demand chains existing across verticals. On another note, this technology is necessary in the sense that, it enables trading partners to have access to product information in real time. In addition, this technology is necessary in a globalized market where obtaining latest information is critical for businesses. For instance, any change made in a firm’s database automatically reflects on other business partner’s database. This is made possible through the GS1 system that relies on the Global Trade Identification Number (Gopal & McMillan 2005, p.62). 2.1 The industries engaging in retail and consumer products recognizes the urgency to change and adopt a technology that would ensure system-system synchronisation with regard to products, price, the location, services and sharing of other information between business partners. In order to achieve this milestone of data synchronisation that involves many systems, standards, businesses data management and electronic synchronisation have emerged as solutions to problems related to data sharing among business partners. Further, this technology is seen as a means to enhance efficiency and hastening responsiveness within the supply chain. With regard to this technology, trading partners can share two forms of data. The first is neutral data that can be shared among many parties and is considered to

Organisational Change Models In Tesco

Organisational Change Models In Tesco Introduction: Tesco is one of the leading global retailers and the UKs biggest retailer as well as third largest grocery retailer in the world operating across Europe, North America and Asia. This business has been started by Jack Cohen in 1919 and he used to sell groceries from a stall in the East London. In 1929, the first Tesco store was opened in North London, Middlesex. Later on, it has expanded its business by a combination of acquisition of new stores, retail services by concerning the customers need and satisfaction. Now, it operates 4,331 stores throughout the world with more than 470,000 workers to meet the requirement of the modern market and it is not limited with its usual product range of grocery and general merchandise, it has diversified its business with electronic goods, clothing, banking and insurance services, telephone airtime and equipment. Tesco moves towards one stop shopping which means customers can get all their purchasing requirements from one place. Tesco has also expa nded its customer base through online with tesco.com and tesco.net website which attracts more than one million regular users. In this time, Tesco is one of the successful retailers in the world. Behind this progression, Tesco has changed accordingly time to time. In this context, it has undergone a technological change self checkout system. Tesco introduced this self check system as a trail on 5 March 2003 from East Dereham, Norfolk superstore. Later, it increases the no of self checkout system gradually from different store. From this self checkout system, customer allows to scan and pay for their shopping without any intervention from staff which helps to customer to save their shopping time. Tesco believes that it helps to increase the efficiency and speed up the shopping process as well as improve customer service. Although, the key aim of this change is to cut down the cost which allows the company to maximize the profit. This study will be examined how Tesco applied this change initiative and developed a change strategy, used change implementations models as well as analysed an organizational response to change and evaluated the impact of this particular change strategy. entifying a range of organisational change models or frame work. Organizational change is a deliberate attempt to improve organisational performance by changing one or more aspects of the organisation. Change may be successful when the appropriate change process is applied. For change process, there are a lots of change models and theories have been formulated by various experts and management gurus but for this particular change initiative of Tesco this study is identified some change models which are as follows. Lewins change model. Lewin developed three step model of planned change which explained how to initiate, manage, and stabilize the change process. This model defines three steps in the process of change management. Source: www.ic-pod.typepad.com Step 1- Unfreezing This step involves the organisation unfreezing existing attitudes and behaviour. Employees go through a process of unlearning old habits, old ideas and old perception how change will affect them. Step 2- Change This step involves a behavioural change. Employees modify their old ways and take on new ways of thinking about change how it should be implemented and how it can be positive rather than negative. Step 3- Refreezing The final step involves process of maintaining the momentum of change through locking in the changes, stabilising the situation, building relationships, consolidating the system, evaluation and support, preventing any going back to the old ways. Beckhard and harries model Organizational change occurs in a three stage cycle: present state, transition state and future state- Beckhard and Harris (1987). From above statement, we can conclude that this model focused on three state of change: present, transition and future. This model recommended that organizational change consists of an organization moving from a present state through transition to a desired future state. Present state refers to the current situation of an organization which contain organizations structure, process, people and external and internal environment. By analysing current situation organization can decide weather the organization wish to change or not. If the situation is stable, tranquil or satisfactory organization may be interested in change and identify new role, function or structure that it needs to adopt but it has not agreement or idea of a direction of change. Transition state consists to the structure, processes, people and environment of an organization as it undergoes change. The transition state is nearly turbulent and unsatisfactory level where existing structure and process that worked previous do not work well anymore and new structure and process deliberate to operate in future are not in place yet. Future state is the final destination of whole change process. It is the stage of that the structure process, people and environment are placed and an organizational change is completed. The organization achieved its desired future in this state. Change equation model Change equation model is based on mathematical presentation of change process which is developed by Gleicher and also called Gleichers change formula. In this model the multiplicative nature of change equation is: D ÃÆ'- V ÃÆ'- S > R Where, D= Dissatisfaction of current state quo V= Clarity of vision S= First step to be taken R= Resistance to change According to equation, change is only possible when the multiplication of D, V and S is excess the R. In other hand, the product of dissatisfaction (D) with the current situation, a vision (V) or positive picture of what is possible in the future and real, achievable first steps (S) people can take toward reaching the resistance to change (R). If any of these D, V or S is zero or near to zero the product of these three will zero or near to zero which means there is no resistance to. Applying a range of creative problem solving techniques to address change challenges Managing change is not an easy process and it is not always successful and arises with challenges. In terms of addressing those challenges (i. e. resistance to change), change manager can implement various creative problem solving techniques according to nature of change. Some of techniques which are implemented for this particular change process by Tesco are discussed below. Change path: Change path refers to the types of change which can be classified by extent of change required and speed of change that need to be undertaken for the require change outcome to delivered. There are four types of change revolutionary, evolutionary, adoption and reconstruction. The speed of change is about the way that change is implemented. It may be the gradually step by step change and one time big bang change. The context of change contains of transformation or alignment. Tesco has implemented this self checkout system step by step incrementally with time framework through evolutionary change to minimize resistance. It has brought this change as a trail in superstore later it gradually increases no of self checkout system in different stores. Evolutionary change Adoption change Revolutionary change Reconstruction changeTransformation Alignment Incremental Big bang Change start point: This is the where change initiated and developed. It may be the top to down or button to up approach. According to Food and Drink European.com on 6 March 2003, the strategic manager of Tesco Richard Dobb announced this self checkout system. As per this press release the change start point of this change is top down approach. In this change initial the readiness of change is low among the employee so the strategic manager decided to implement change initiative from top to down. Change style: A Change style is the management style of implementation of change. These change styles may be the collaborative, consultative, directive, coercive etc. These change styles can implement according to nature of change. To minimize the challenges (i. e. resistance by employees), Tesco has implemented collaboration style because this model focuses on extensive involvement of employees in terms of what is the change and how deliver the change needs. This approach works by creating pull and achieving commitments through getting people to invest in the change. The strategic manager involved employees in this change initiative through face to face meeting with focus groups. Change interventions: Change intervention includes technological intervention, political intervention cultural intervention and interpersonal intervention. Change roles: In order to manage this particular change Tesco formed specialist change team including strategic manager, human resource manager and IT director of Tesco and strategic manger Richard Dobb plays vital role in this change process. Identifying and justifying change solutions that link to organizational strategic plan. Basically, Tesco has been adopting growth strategy since its establishment time. It has a well established and consistent strategy for growth. According to corporate website of Tesco (www.tescoplc.com) its strategic plan is: The rationale for the strategy is to broaden the scope of business to enable it to deliver strong, sustainable long term growth by following customer into large expanding markets at home such as financial services, non- food and telecoms and new markets aboard, initially in Central Europe and Asia and more recently in the United States. Tesco is aiming to expand business aggressively. It wants to grow the core UK business, strength non food retailing, develop diversified retail service such as Tesco personal finance, telecoms and tesco.com. as well as putting community and environment in the centre point what it does and it wishes to stand as a successful international retailer. 2.1 Evaluating a range of change implementation models Implementing change is not an easy task because it is gone through various obstacles in order to get desire future destination. For implementing change initiative there are various change model such as Kotter change model, Action research model, Beer et al six step model, Balance score card, EFQM, IIP etc. However, this project examine Kotters change model for this self checkout change project. Kotters change model This model is developed by John Kotter and also known as 8 steps model of change. The key aspect of this model is change goes through a series of stages with considerable time framework. Skipping steps creates only the illusion of speed and never produces satisfactory results and making critical mistake in any phases can have a developing impact, slowing momentum and negating hard won again. Kotter describes the change process in 8 steps as follows. Create sense of urgency In this stage organization develops sense of urgency around need for change. Organization can feel need of change through examination of market and competitors situation. Furthermore, Organization identifies and discusses key opportunities and potential threats and develops the scenarios presenting what could be happen in the future. Form a power coalition team In this step, to cope with change efforts organization builds a team with enough power and authority and encourages team to work together. Create a clear vision In this step, organization generates a clear vision that is central to the change levers and develops strategies to execute that vision. Communicate the vision In this step, organization communicates the new change vision and strategies by using every possible ways and educates new behaviour using example of the guiding coalition team. Empower other to act on the vision This step describes about removing of barriers to change. Organization change the system and structure which challenges new vision and focus on risk bearing and new ideas, activities and actions. Create short-term wins Short terms wins are the foundation of what needs to be done in order to get long term change. In this step, Organization plans for visible performance improvements and creates those improvements. Furthermore, reward people who help to meet the targets. Consolidate improvements and producing still more change In this step organization analyzes what went right and what needs for improvement. To get further improvement organization revises systems, structures and policies that unsuitable for vision and employ encourage and develop employees who can contribute to implement vision. In addition it reinforces the change process with new project themes and change agents. Institutionalise the new approaches The final step focuses on assembling the achieved change into concrete shape. For this, organization builds alignment between new behaviour and corporate culture and develops means to ensure leadership development and succession to substitute key leaders of change. This model is easy to follow because this model breaks down the entire change process into small steps clearly and it focus on the acceptance and preparedness for change rather than change itself that helps to get easier transition. Another point is that it focuses on incremental change through step by step with requiring time framework and suitable for small organizational change too. Its only con is skipping the step results the complete change process fails. 2.2 Identifying the criteria to be select a change implementation model that supports organizational change. Tesco wanted to implement self checkout system in comparatively short time incrementally to minimise the resistance to change and to increase competitive power. In order to implement change initiative strategic manager has chosen Kotters change model because the change initiative has to implement relatively in short time incrementally. Moreover, this change initiative contains small technological change and this change model is appropriate for small change too. Tesco has implemented change initiative as follows. Create sense of urgency After analyzing competitor, Tesco felt that it has to increase competitive power and improve customer service to stand as a market leader. Consequently it looked new technology that can reduce cost and improve customer service because technology is developing rapidly. In 2002 Market and Spencer brought new technology self checkout system it was closely observed by Tesco. So Tesco decided to adopt self checkout system as a change project. Form a power coalition team It formed group including area manager, supervisor and representative of trade union with enough power and authority to make the change relevant. Create a clear vision The new vision of company is: Be competitive, provide the best customer service and incorporate technology. Communicate the vision To communicate vision, the team used companys website and cascaded message through area manager to supervisor and supervisor conducted meeting with other staff to talk about what the goals mean. Empower other to act on vision Change manger conduct education and training programme to teach the benefit of self check out system in order to overcome from obstacle. Special education session has been provided to employees who was creating obstacle to go ahead. Company announced rewards to staff from each store that helped to move forward to make the aims real. Create short-term wins After the succession of trail project, Tesco put report on website and articles have been published in news. Consolidate improvements and producing still more change Institutionalise the new approaches 3.1 Demonstrating the use of analytical tools to monitor the change progress and the effect of change The change affected the employees both ways positively and negatively in terms of experiencing change and changing behaviour and these change effects are analysed and monitored through survey, meeting, interviews and seminar. To find out perception of employees regarding effect of change the strategic manager decided to conduct a survey and it was found that most of employees are in fear of job loss because they though that self scan system replace their job. Some of were happy about that they get extra time to chat with customer. Some of were excited to learn new technology and they feel it is great opportunity for them. Some of were scared about the new technology what it really do. Some of were worried about changing position and work store because technology friendly colleagues were replaced their position. In order to study change related dysfunctions meetings were organized with area manager. It was conquered that people were in some pressure that they did not want to adopt this change because of job loss, changing position and work store, new technology. Interviews were conducted with the employees who expressed their reservations about the self checkout system. Change team promised to employees that no one lose job, it does not affect the position of any staff and they give effective training programme to be technology friendly. To measure the progress monthly seminar were conducted. During these seminars many staff showed great deal of eagerness as they were keen to learn about self checkout system and most of staff showed willingness to move forward with this change. 3.2 Assessing monitoring and measurement techniques to change with in organization 3.3 Analysis strategies to minimise adverse effect of change Change leader decided to follow Kotter and Schlesinger model in order to overcome resistance to change. This model contains six approach education and communication, participation and involvement, facilitation and support, negotiation and agreement, manipulation and co-option and explicit and implicit coercion. In the phase of education and communication, the change team communicated the benefits of self checkout system and its necessity to company. They convinced employees that self checkout system wont be the cause of any job loss and changing position and employees can get extra time to chat with customer by giving example of Market and Spencer and work store and they offered comprehensive training programme for all staff. After this step some of employees again abused to move further so the change leader decided to involve the team leader of resistance group in change team. However, some of employee who are relatively mature again created obstacle to go ahead. The change team conducted special training and counselling programme for these employees. The change team also promised that they will give monetary reward if the change is completed. Thus the change team have overcome resistance to change to move further. 4.1 Identifying the process to review the impact of the change. 4.2 Analysing the results of the impact of review To analyse the results of the impact of review there is two approaches quantitative and qualitative. Quantitative approach is phenomena which independently observable and measurable.

Brave New World Introduction Essay -- essays research papers fc

BRAVE NEW WORLD Introduction This novel was written by Aldous Huxley in 1932. It is a fable about a world state in the 7th century A.F. (after Ford), where social stability is based on a scientific caste system. Human beings, graded from highest intellectuals to lowest manual workers, hatched from incubators and brought up in communal nurseries, learn by methodical conditioning to accept they social destiny. The action of the story develops round Bernard Marx, and an unorthodox and therefore unhappy alpha- plus ( something had presumably gone wrong with his antenatal treatment), who vivits a new Mexican Reservetion and brings a savage back to London. The savage is at first fascinated by the New World, but finally revolted, and his argument with Mustafa Mond, world controller, demonstrate the incompability of individual freedom and a scientifically trouble- free society. In Brave New World Revisted 1958, Huxley reconsiders his prophecies and fears that some of this might be coming true much sooner than he thought. In Brave New World, he turned to the apologue. It was a descion that has profound consequences upon his novels and upon his critical reputation. In a 1961 interview Huxley explained his conception of Brave New World. "The new forces of technology , pharmaceutics, and social conditioning can iron modern humans into a kind of uniformity, if you were able to manipulate their genetic background. if you had a government unscrupulous enough you could do these things without any doubt.we are getting more and more into a position where these things can be achieved. And it is extremely important to realize this, and to take every possible precaution to see they shall be not achieved". One of the novel ´s chief rethorical strategies is to make all readers recognize what so few characters can comprehend : that preserving freedom and diversity is necessary to avoid suffering the repressions fostered by shallow ideas of progress. Huxley makes his ironic stance clear from the beginning by contrasting the book ´s title with the action of his first scene : counterpoint to the novel ´s opening at the central London Hatchering and Conditioning Center, a factory that creates on a conveyor belt the citizens for the Brave New World. BNW is one more memorable and successful for its overall portrayal of a society that for its delination of plot or psy... ...rminated by the State. The individuality of BNW is systematically stifled. A government bureau, the Predestinators, decides a prospective citizen ´s role in the hierarchy. Children are raised and conditioned by the state bureaucracy, not brought up by natural families. Respect belongs only to society as a whole. Citizens must not fall in love, marry or have their own kids. The individual ´s loyalty is owed to the state alone. BNW, then is centered around control and manipulation. Conclusion Those fears where the expectations of Aldous Huxley for a not too far future. His predictions got close of what is doing today science, clones... Those are predictions that are getting fulfilled as prophecies and we should warned all this, because who knows if one day some of us become Alphas and others Betas and so on... Bibliography: GRAN LAROUSE UNIVERSAL Barcelona.Ed. Plaza & Janà ©s,1992 Concise Companion to English Literature. Edited by Drabble and Jenny Stringer Revised Edition.Oxford University Press. New York, 1986 BAKER,PH. EMERSON,G., Et Al. Concise Companion of English Literature Biography. Modern Writers, 1914-1945. Vol. 6. Gale Research Inc. Detroit,MI.

Kellogg Book Essay

This book is intended to be a resource for members of the Kellogg School of Management Class of 2005 as they look for summer internships in the consulting industry (as well as for general management internships) for the summer of 2004. The book will also be useful to current first-year students during the fall of 2004 as they look for full-time postKellogg consulting jobs, as well as to the yet-to-be-admitted Kellogg Class of 2006 in their summer and full-time job searches. While we hope this document results in more Kellogg students reaching their employment goals, we are also confident that using this resource to prepare for case interviews will reduce the stress associated with the interviewing process. Additionally, students will find this document to be a useful reference for Kellogg’s core strategy course, MGMT 431, regardless of whether or not they plan to interview for consulting jobs. This introduction will provide an overview of the different sections of the book, recommend how it is to be used, and offer general thoughts of how this fits book in to the bigger picture. To this last point, the book is not intended to be the only resource that Kellogg students will need during the recruiting process for consulting. Rather, it is meant to be a central body of work that provides a complete and thorough introduction to the process, offers its reader a road map of the basic toolkit needed to succeed in these interviews, and also points him or her to other resources that may be helpful. Background on this book and acknowledgements can be found in Appendix A. 2004 Kellogg Consulting Club Case Book 2 Sections This book is divided into six sections, plus five appendices. Section I is this introduction, whose goals are stated above. Section II provides an overview of the case interviewing process and offers general advice on how to perform magnificently during the interviews. (It is adapted primarily from the Fleischmann, Fong, and Marciano article that is alluded to in Appendix A, and has been reorganized into seven sub-sections. ) Section III provides ten sample cases. The first seven of these are meant to be solved in a 30-to-45 minute interview; the first six contain slides. The last three cases are shorter and attempt to emulate the 10-to-15 minute case nterviews that are used by some consulting firms. After all of the practice cases, Section IV discusses fit interviewing, which is a typically smaller, but no less important, part of the overall process. Again, this section is adapted primarily from the earlier work of Fleischmann et. al. Section V provides one-page overviews of each of the eleven consulting firms that are currently planning to in terview Kellogg first-years for jobs during the summer of 2004. Of special interest in this section are the interview formats used by various companies. Students who are interviewing should use this information to customize their case practice and preparation, based on the formats used by the companies that are most of interest to them. Finally, Section VI provides some concluding thoughts and attempts to synthesize the key â€Å"take-away† points of the book. How To Use The Book We would like to conclude this introduction by orienting the reader as to how we envision this book being used. We have mentioned previously that it is not designed to be the only available or necessary resource on the subject. Students who attempt to use it in this way are doing themselves a disservice. Instead, it should be used in tandem with the many other 2004 Kellogg Consulting Club Case Book 3 resources that are available, such as case books from other business schools, Kellogg Career Management Center (CMC) counselors, students at Kellogg who have worked in consulting or are planning to, company representatives and literature, and the rest of the list of resources that is summarized in Appendix B. As for this book, sections I, II, IV, and VI are written to be read straight through (not necessarily in only one sitting). Section III provides practice cases that should be used or studied one at a time. Section V provides thumbnail data on companies that are interviewing at Kellogg, and is meant to be a quick reference for students who are interviewing in those firms. Particular attention should be placed on the various interview formats used by each different company. To maximize results, candidates should study cases that most closely mimic the ones that are given by the firms that they are planning to interview with and/or most want to work for. It is our hope that the combination of this book and of other available resources will maximize the effectiveness of Kellogg students during the winter quarter 2004 interviewing process. If anyone has any questions about the book or the process, they should feel free to directly contact me, either of the Associate Editors, Prof. Marciano, the Kellogg CMC, or any of the 2003-2004 Kellogg Consulting Club co-chairs1. We are all here to help Kellogg first-years get as many summer consulting job offers as possible. Best of luck in the process! Edwin Van Dusen Editor, 2004 Kellogg Consulting Club Case Book Evanston, Illinois December, 2003 1 The co-chairs are Leo Castro, Ami Fadia, Hanna Norfleet, Jason Greenwald, Brian Oxley, and Ojas Wadikvar, all from the Kellogg Class of 2004. 2004 Kellogg Consulting Club Case Book 4 II. How to Ace Case Interviews2 Overview of Section This section provides a complete and comprehensive overview of the case interview process and is probably the single most important section in the book, along with Section III on practice cases. It offers advice on how to best navigate the process, and is divided into seven sub-sections to make the material easier to understand and digest: 1. Sub-section one provides an overview of the case interviewing process. 2. Sub-section two discusses the use of frameworks, and the need to strike a balance between a structured approach and the pitfalls of an overly regimented analysis. 3. Sub-section three walks through a step-by-step illustration of a case interview and is in turn sub-divided into five parts. 4. Sub-section four reviews several common case situations and how to handle them. These include public math, how to get unstuck, and the infamous estimate questions. 5. Sub-section five reviews seven common types of cases that are frequently found in case interviews. 6. Sub-section six goes through some overall tips on how to handle the process. Please do not be put off by the â€Å"laundry list† format of this section, for it contains some important nuggets of advice and wisdom. 7. Finally, sub-section seven provides some concluding thoughts about the process. 2 As mentioned in the Introduction, the text in this section has been primarily adapted from the 2001 Fleischmann, Fong, and Marciano article, although some of the content and wording are new. They, and we, would like to give special thanks to Jason Moss and Chris Riley (both members of the Kellogg Class of 2001) for their invaluable contributions to the initial document, from which this section is primarily adapted. 2004 Kellogg Consulting Club Case Book 5 We have endeavored to distill the most important aspects of the case interview process into this section while keeping it to a manageable length. Obviously, since entire books have been written on this subject, it was not possible for us to include every detail or every opinion on the matter. Students should probably begin by reading this section to get the major points, and then can consult some of the additional resources listed in Appendix B if they feel that they still need to get more depth and detail. Sub-Section One of Seven – Overview of Case Interviews This section will describe the format and structure of case interviews, discuss the various types of cases that one may encounter, and provide practical tips and advice on enhancing one’s chances for success. Fit interviews will be discussed in Section IV later in this book. The consulting interview process may be unlike any series of interviews that a person has been through before Kellogg. While each consulting firm has its own distinct style and method of interviewing, virtually all screen candidates using a combination of â€Å"fit† and â€Å"case† interviews. Understanding and being prepared for both of these types of interviews improves one’s chances of obtaining a position in the field and also reduces the angst associated with the process. The framework is simply a tool to help you structure your response, so do not get too hung up here and waste valuable time that you could be using to advance the discussion. Your initial framework should be a broad sketch, not a detailed blueprint, of how you intend to go about solving the case problem. The details of your analysis should evolve interactively with the interviewer as you progress through the interview. Based on the framework you have developed, you should be able to identify several possible paths towards addressing the case issue. For example, consider a case about Firm X whose profits declined last year. Firm X’s reduced profits could be due to sagging revenues, rising costs, or both. Given that your interview time is limited, it is important to prioritize the issues you will investigate in the case. Investigate the most likely solution to the problem first, followed by the second most likely, and so on. The initial information that you have been given 2004 Kellogg Consulting Club Case Book 14 may steer you towards a particular path. Take cues (subtle or overt) from your interviewer about which paths hold the most merit. For example, if you were told that Firm X recently altered its product mix, you might want to start by examining the prices of its various products. Based on the information you have received, and the framework you have developed, you should formulate an initial hypothesis about the case problem you are evaluating. In the parlance of case interviews, a hypothesis is what you believe to be the central issue of the case, or the solution to it. With regard to Firm X, your initial hypothesis could be that the root cause of its declining profits is that it is selling relatively more low price/low margin products than it had in the past. You may not be given enough information at the onset of a case to develop a reasonable hypothesis from the start. If that happens, progress through your framework, elicit information from the interviewer, and develop a hypothesis as soon as you can. If your initial hypothesis turns out to be wrong, which is often the case, try another one. It is not an automatic â€Å"ding† to not guess the answer correctly on the first try. But it is a likely â€Å"ding† to give up or to lose sight of the main issue, which is to eventually solve the client’s problem. Some firms are more or less receptive to hearing an interviewee, very early on, state a hypothesis for analysis. The key lesson here is to know the firms that you are interviewing with. If you are interviewing with a firm that conducts its cases/engagements with an â€Å"Answer First† approach, then you should probably state a hypothesis early and then relate findings to it as the case progresses: â€Å"this supports my initial hypothesis†¦Ã¢â‚¬  or â€Å"that seems to refute my initial belief, my revised working hypothesis is now†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . Other firms may conduct their work by doing much more detailed data collection before forming a hypothesis. In this case, strive to form a hypothesis, but hold back on stating it until you have collected more data: â€Å"OK, I think I now have enough information to form a hypothesis – based on facts A, B and C, it looks like X might 2004 Kellogg Consulting Club Case Book 15 be happening. Here’s how I would evaluate whether X is truly going on†¦Ã¢â‚¬  With these firms, you may look like you’re jumping to conclusions if your hypothesis isn’t fact-based. Ask members of the firm about their firm’s preference prior to your interview (that’s what all those cocktail receptions are for). Step Three of Five – Articulation After you have developed your analytical framework, prioritized potential solution paths, and formulated your initial hypothesis, the next step is to articulate them to the interviewer. In the case of Firm X, it might go something like this: â€Å"Given that Firm X has experienced a decline in profitability, I am going to begin my evaluation by investigating the various elements that make up profit, namely revenues and costs (framework). Since you mentioned that Firm X has seen its product mix change over the past year, I will begin by analyzing the firm’s revenues, focusing first on pricing (prioritization). It could be that a decline in Firm X’s average price is causing its profits to suffer (hypothesis). If that turns out not to be the case, then I will look at changes in the company’s cost structure. † It is critical in case interviews to demonstrate a structured, logical, and thorough thought process. If you do not verbalize your thought process to the interviewer, (s)he will not be able to evaluate your performance. In addition to talking through your thought process, you may find it beneficial to sketch out your analysis framework on your note pad. Writing down your framework will help you to organize your thoughts, and to regain focus if you get stuck or your analysis becomes very complicated. Just as importantly, an illustrated framework shows the interviewer that you are thinking in a structured manner, and makes it easier for him or her to guide you. Many successful consulting interviewees extol the importance of â€Å"paper management† in case interviews. Interviewers often encourage candidates to take notes, and some even keep 2004 Kellogg Consulting Club Case Book 16 those notes to help remember the path that the interviewee took during his or her case. Whether or not this happens to you, your notepad is an excellent communications medium during your interview. Consultants are generally graphical thinkers – even if they didn’t start this way, they now communicate in slides, charts, and graphs. Speak their language – sketch out your thoughts on your paper, write large, and show the interviewer what you are doing. It is not uncommon for an interviewer to look under an interviewee’s shoulder onto his or her notepad, and comment on it and/or ask questions about its contents. For example, â€Å"I see from your notes that you have come up with five reasons why Firm A should acquire Firm B, and the first one is distribution synergies. What do you mean by that? † Draw out your framework so that the interviewer can see where you’re going, and steer you accordingly. Many interviewees divide their paper into three sections. In the first section, they note facts about the situation (both those given in the initial situation explanation as well as facts uncovered through questions). In section two, analysis is performed, and in section three key findings/conclusions are noted (this section is especially helpful when the candidate is asked to â€Å"sum up† at the close of the case). Note: this does not have to all occur on the same page – feel free to use multiple sheets of paper; the clearer your actions are to the interviewer, the better. Be as graphical and as structured as possible whenever you seek to convey concepts like organizational structure or whenever you do quantitative analysis. Quantitative analysis, in particular, should be laid out in rows and columns â€Å"Excel-style† (ideally with the equation noted above the columns) so that interviewers can follow your calculations. Doing fancy math in your head is great, but it’s more important to illustrate to the interviewer how you are coming to your numbers than to wow them with calculation speed. Your arithmetic may be correct, but your equation may be missing a critical variable. Drawing out your thoughts helps the interviewer 2004 Kellogg Consulting Club Case Book 17 identify this and correct your course. This is far preferable to leaving the interviewer wondering why your number does not match the number that is given in the case solutions. To err is human, but to do so in a way that leaves the interviewer wondering about whether the problem was with your arithmetic or your thought process is likely to prove fatal. Step Four of Five – Analysis: Ask Questions, Gather Information, and Test Hypotheses Having articulated your framework and initial hypothesis, you are ready to move into the analysis phase, which should be the bulk of the interview. In the analysis phase, you should ask questions, synthesize the information provided, and draw conclusions based on the facts. By asking questions and bringing to light new information, you will be able to determine whether your initial hypothesis was valid or invalid. If the data proves your hypothesis to be invalid, systematically follow your framework and progress to the issue with the next highest priority. In addition, based on new information you receive, develop a new hypothesis as soon as possible. For example: â€Å"Based on what I’ve learned so far, it appears as though Firm X’s product mix and revenues are not the most important cause of its declining profitability. So now I’ll move on to investigate the firm’s costs (transition to next branch of the framework). You mentioned that Firm X recently signed a new agreement with its unions, so I’ll start by examining its labor costs. It could be that an unfavorable union contract has inflated the firm’s labor expenses and negatively impacted its profits (new hypothesis). † Asking questions, collecting information, and developing and testing hypotheses is an iterative process, and constitutes a good case interview. As you receive answers to your inquiries, you should be able to hone in on the solution to the problem, and the interviewer may point you in the right direction. Even if all of your hypotheses are ultimately proved invalid, if 2004 Kellogg Consulting Club Case Book 18 you have solicited relevant facts and drawn conclusions in a structured, logical manner, you will have done well. Do not forget that it is important to verbalize your thought process throughout the entire interview. Avoid long periods of silence — the interviewer is attempting to evaluate how you think, and mute introspection precludes this. When doing calculations, tell the interviewer everything that you’re doing. This maximizes the interviewer’s ability to coach you and illustrates your thought process. It takes practice to be able to do this with aplomb, but it is a skill well worth developing. Asking questions is a fundamental part of the process, but remember to do so within the context of your framework, as opposed to firing off questions in no particular order. As you work through the case, it is a good idea to verbally summarize where you are, what you have learned, what the information means in diagnosing the problem, and where you are headed next. Summarizing can also be a useful technique to buy yourself time to think if you become stuck. Take caution not to summarize too frequently, however, because it takes away from the time that you should be using to analyze the case issue. Step Five of Five – Summary and Recommendation When you feel you have covered all the bases in your analysis, or when you have run out of time, end by summarizing the situation and providing a recommendation. If at all possible, always end your interviews with a succinct recommendation. Try not to recap the path of analysis that you have just performed. Instead, draw on key facts to give a clear answer to the central question of the case. For example, â€Å"I do not recommend that the firm enter the market, given that the industry in question is characterized by low barriers to entry, intense rivalry, and significant supplier power† (all of which you discovered through your analysis). 2004 Kellogg Consulting Club Case Book 19 You might also add next steps or additional considerations, as appropriate, to make your analysis more balanced and thorough. For example, â€Å"Based on the discussion that we had today, I would not recommend at this point that the firm enter the market. However, I would also want to know more about the regulatory trends in the market, and about the industry’s distribution channel mix, before making a final decision in a real situation. † Remember, cases are usually complex. If you imply to the interviewer that you have completely addressed the issue in 30 to 45 minutes, you may be perceived as short-sighted or arrogant. It’s much better to state what you’ve found and can reasonably infer, and then identify the areas that you’d like to further penetrate (if given more time) and the assumptions that you’ve made that you think your conclusions are most sensitive to. An important point to keep in mind is that even if you are dead wrong, if you have approached the problem in a logical, structured, and thorough manner, you have done well. You will likely encounter the â€Å"elevator test† at the end of some of your interviews. It typically goes something like this, â€Å"We’re out of time. Sum this up in 30 seconds so I can tell the client our major findings. The purpose of this exercise is to see whether you can identify the most important elements of the case, distill complex issues into concise, easily understandable terms, and maintain your poise when thrust into a stressful situation.